Your Identity Has Been Confirmed Essay Example For Students

Your Identity Has Been Confirmed Essay Nell Bernstein is the writer of Goin Gangsta, Choosin Cholita: Claiming Identity, anessay portraying how the young in specific pieces of the nation are picking their preferredidentity instead of tolerating their own. For instance, in Bernsteins paper a young lady named April,living in California, needs to be Mexican; in this way, she dresses like and endeavors to talk in thesame emphasize as a genuine Mexican, despite the fact that she is Anglo. The paper likewise explicitly talks aboutthe province of California, where this character changing is going on because of the incredible decent variety ofrace there. Bernstein guarantees this is positive when an adolescents pick an identityother than their own, genuine one. Whatever causes them to feel better or lifts their confidence isokay, I presume? Be that as it may, they despite everything need to acknowledge the obvious issues; they can not change their character. I do notknow what word reference Bernstein is perusing, however the mean ing of personality does exclude theword appearance. Character is who an individual is, not who they give off an impression of being. April can appear to beMexican if that is the thing that she loves, yet the truth of the matter is that she is still and consistently will be Anglo. Theidea of individuals attempting to change their character just hits me with ineptitude. It is Gods choice asto what shading, nationality or such an individual will be, and I trust He has a reason for everything;therefore, every individual should regard His choice with acknowledgment and work well for Him under theThe greatest slip-up of this paper is the abuse of the word character. Bernstein claimsthat, Identity doesn't involve where you originate from, what you were naturally introduced to, what shading yourskin is, but instead, Its what you wear, the music you tune in to, the words you use (45). Thisis all off-base! Personality is actually what she thinks it isn't. The shade of ones skin depicts theirr ace. That is one bit of their personality. Where they originate from is their nationality. That isanother piece. What they were naturally introduced to, for example, family, convictions, religion and so forth., is their way of life, which is one more piece. Every one of these pieces together portrays who an individual is. Garments, music,and complement just portray who an individual has all the earmarks of being. April, who is in actuality Anglo and ought to be glad for it, dresses like a Mexican in light of the fact that shethinks this will make her Mexican, yet it won't. To be perfectly honest, on the off chance that I were Mexican and April came tome in her impersonation Mexican outfit attempting to communicate in Spanish to me despite the fact that the main thingshe most likely knows in Spanish is, Yo Queiro Taco Bell, it would bother the hellfire out of me. Ifsomeone needs to dress, talk, act or take the necessary steps to give off an impression of being another race ornational ity other than their own, that is their decision, however its possibility is past strange. Idespise it and can not remain to watch individuals who are endeavoring to be somebody else. It isso simple to tell the impersonations from the genuine name brand. This is what is so irritating. We will compose a custom exposition on Your Identity Has Been Confirmed explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now Goin Gangsta, Choosin Cholita: Claiming Identity is a horribly deceptive exposition. NellBernstien gives substantiates realities about California and its cross-recognizing circumstance, however she has poorjudgment in saying that there are certain results when the adolescents pick their own personality. The contrary impact is an individual attempting to conceal their unique character since they are not happywith who they truly are, however conversely cause themselves humiliation when attempting to act outtheir perfect character when it is so natural for outcasts to distinguish the concealment. Making mattersworse, individuals attempting to conceal don't realize that what they are doing is silly becausepeople like Bernstien empower the thought, however the entire thought is simply stupid since they can notchange their personality. It has just been decided for them. .u13c09334c3210c53b9a537ef000e9892 , .u13c09334c3210c53b9a537ef000e9892 .postImageUrl , .u13c09334c3210c53b9a537ef000e9892 .focused content zone { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u13c09334c3210c53b9a537ef000e9892 , .u13c09334c3210c53b9a537ef000e9892:hover , .u13c09334c3210c53b9a537ef000e9892:visited , .u13c09334c3210c53b9a537ef000e9892:active { border:0!important; } .u13c09334c3210c53b9a537ef000e9892 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u13c09334c3210c53b9a537ef000e9892 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; murkiness: 1; change: mistiness 250ms; webkit-progress: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u13c09334c3210c53b9a537ef000e9892:active , .u13c09334c3210c53b9a537ef000e9892:hover { haziness: 1; change: darkness 250ms; webkit-progress: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u13c09334c3210c53b9a537ef000e9892 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u13c09334c3210c53b9a537ef000e9892 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-improvement: underline; } .u13c09334c3210c53b9a537ef000e9892 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u13c09334c3210c53b9a537ef000e9892 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-outskirt span: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-embellishment: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .u13c09334c3210c53b9a537ef000e9892:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u13c09334c3210c53b9 a537ef000e9892 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u13c09334c3210c53b9a537ef000e9892-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u13c09334c3210c53b9a537ef000e9892:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: The Scarlet Letter - A Story To Relate To EssayBibliography:

Visual Arts and Film Studies Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Visual Arts and Film Studies - Assignment Example I grinned at the appropriate responses I got and wanted to gesture in light of the fact that, for sure, I see those things in myself too. I will attempt to hand-off to you what they let me know up until this point. Energy. I was informed this is unquestionably one of my most grounded trademark. Each of the three of my companions concurred that they feel lighter when they are around me. I was informed that there were a few times when they felt down because of an awful thing, and I would bring up its great side and cause them to feel better. I realize that the majority of the occasions, I see the more splendid side of a dull circumstance. Individualization. My companions revealed to me that I am one of the individuals who despise generalizations. They helped me to remember the occasions when they would offer summed up remarks about an individual dependent on design taste or friend network, and I would go to bat for that individual and demand that nobody knows anything until we become m ore acquainted with that individual well. I had been generalized a great deal so most likely that is the reason I would rather not see it transpiring. Includer. I realize that I have consistently been warm to everybody. My companions disclosed to me that I am consistently the one to welcome an individual to join a discussion, or a movement, and so on. It causes me to feel ungainly to see anybody being left on the sides. I realize that everybody has a potential and it causes me to feel great to be the one to really make an individual show their abilities in a gathering in view of my inviting disposition. Activator. My companions made me giggle on this one, since they revealed to me they now and again want to make some hard memories staying aware of my exercises. I don't care for dull minutes and I generally feel like there is as yet something preferable to do over simply inert away. Designer. Companions state that on the off chance that they ever need support, they will simply come s earching for me. It seems as though I know how they will best have the option to display their aptitudes due to the thoughts I give them. I like it a great deal when individuals find something in themselves, and I like it better when I realize I am a piece of that progress. 2. I feel that energy is the general reason for the various prevailing subjects of ability in me. I feel positive in me, for me, and for other people, that I need everyone to act and feel the equivalent. 3. I accept that being an activator grows the greater part of the abilities. This is on the grounds that I generally look for something new to do and learn. I generally tap into the obscure, which I believe is something worth being thankful for in slackening our innovative opportunity. I would prefer not to stall out in something that is repetitive, so I will in general be courageous in investigating and learning new things. 4. The amazing thing is the way my companions see these prevailing attributes so well, an d how they react so emphatically to these. I never need to envision that individuals consider me to be â€Å"overwhelming,† so it is ideal to realize that they make the most of my character. 5. The ability that I need to grow more is â€Å"individualization† in light of the fact that I realize that each individual has their own characteristics worth thinking about, and I might truly want to have the option to be one of the individuals who has any kind of effect, and tap into those concealed gifts that most others decide to overlook and be bias about. In any case, I realize that I have to take a shot at my verbal connection with individuals on the grounds that regardless of these positive characteristics, I realize that there are still other people who consider me to be only the calm commonplace craftsmanship understudy. II. Systems administration Event I went to a systems administration occasion, which is a screening of a short film entitled â€Å"Wallenda.† It is created by RareForm pictures - an autonomous film creation organization established in 2009. The screening was held in Gnomon, last December 3, at around 7;00 p.m. The movie is coordinated by V.W. Scheich, and composed by V.W. Scheich and Uyen Le. You can discover increasingly about the film at http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2094183/. I got some answers concerning

How to Get Home from the Airport for Free

How to Get Home from the Airport for Free Almost exactly a week ago, after a blissfully underbooked flight back to Boston from a family vacation in Toronto, I took the T back to MIT for free like I always do. When I first came to MIT I was terrified of public transportation. It was only a few years ago that I stopped taking cabs when travelling alone. The T is not scary. In addition, if you’re on your way home from Boston Logan, it’s free. I Instagrammed the trip back from the airport so that I could show you, step by step. Keep in mind that the T is only an option if your plane arrives when the T is actually running (5-ish am to 2-ish am on weekends or midnight-ish on weeknights, except on Sundays, when the T runs 6-ish am to sometime shortly after midnight).   As soon as you get off the plane, follow the signs to the Silver Line bus stop on the first floor. Just outside will be a neon sign counting down to the next bus. (The Silver Line stops at each terminal.)   Wait under the big cement Silver Line T posts. Bring a book.   To your left (or somewhere nearby) is a map of the MBTA subway system. You’re going to take the Silver Line bus to South Station; from there you are going to take the Red Line to MIT. I don’t actually expect you to be able to read anything in the picture above. You can see the map online here. Eventually, a Silver Line bus will arrive. Get on the bus.   Inside the bus are racks to store your luggage and a scrolling neon sign announcing the next stop, which is also announced over the intercom. (If you were travelling to rather than away from the airport, the announcements would include the terminal and the airlines that use that terminal.) You want to stay on until the very last stop, South Station, which is when most of the other people on the bus will get off. Get off at South Station. Behind you is the desolate industrial wasteland that is Silver Line Way. Luckily you don’t have to go there. A charitable and durable bus took you through Mordor for free. Turn back around. Ahead of you, another neon sign advertises the next Red Line trains. It will list Alewife, Ashmont, and/or Braintree. Turn right. You’re going toward Park Street and Downtown Crossing, which are in downtown Boston, so you’ll want to follow the signs to the inbound train (currently the train to Alewife). Go up the stairs and turn right.   In case you don’t have the inbound and outbound directions from each station memorized (I don’t), there is a helpful map at the top of the stairs. The last labelled station on the right is South Station, the station we are in now. Among the labelled stations are Kendall, the station closest to MIT’s campus, and Central, the station closest to Random Hall. We seem to be going the right way. Follow the stairs on your right to the inbound trains. On your right will be another neon sign, now advertising the arrival time of the next two trains going in this direction. If you’re hoping to make it to MIT, it should say Alewife. If you were heading in the other direction, from MIT to South Station, it would say Ashmont or Braintree (the two branches at the bottom of the rightmost map above). Notice that at no point have you had to pay. On this trip, you won’t.   On your left will be more of the same and, eventually, a train. Get on that train.   As in the bus, inside the train is a scrolling neon sign announcing the next stop; the next stop is also announced over the intercom. In addition, there are helpful placards over the doors displaying the same map from earlier, now with all the Red Line stops written out. You can track your train’s progress as it makes its way to MIT (Kendall and Central). Eventually, you will see Kendall outside the windows and on the neon sign in your train car, and you will also hear it announced. Unless you live in Random Hall or want to stop by a grocery store or a restaurant or have an adventure, get off here. (If you do live in Random but you prefer the scenic route through the Infinite Corridor over the scenic route through Central Square, you can get off at Kendall anyway; it is almost the same distance home.) If you live in Random Hall, get off at Central instead. Cross the street and walk against traffic on that side of Massachusetts Avenue (turn left after crossing the street). Harvest and Shaw’s (two wonderful grocery stores) and then Random will be on your right. H-Mart (another wonderful grocery store) will be on your left. Random Hall is next door to the gas station.   If you get off at Kendall, this is the view that will greet you.   Turn right and walk through the ninja gates with which people pay to get on the train. You didn’t have to pay to get home from the airport, but any other trips you take will not be free. There is a Charlie card embedded in your student ID. After you recieve your ID you can add money at any entrance marked as having a pay station. In case you are wondering, if you try to sneak past the gates, perhaps on accident, you will be able to do it, easily. You are then likely to be stopped and ticketed several hundreds of dollars. It happened to a friend of ours. Once you’re past the gates go up the stairs on your left.   At the top of the stairs is a glowing Microsoft sign. You are almost home. Above you is Microsoft. MIT is behind you. After the stairs make a 180-degree turn and look ahead. You are on Main Street.   Cross the street. Turn right and walk straight, toward the glowing blue T.   On your left is where you would probably enter the T if you were travelling back to South Station. It is an entrance to the inbound trainsâ€"inbound because it would take you back toward Park Street and Downtown Crossing. (Because you passed Park Street and Downtown Crossing on your way from South Station to MIT, the entrance to the train you just got off of now says outbound, not inbound.) Turn left, toward the entrance to the T, and then walk past it. There will be benches and trees in the brick sidewalk around you.   Directly ahead on your right is E25, which is attached to MIT Medical. Walk up the stairs and to the door. Notice that there is a label in the glass by the entrance telling you what building it is. There are similar helpful labels on all buildings on campus, or at least all the buildings that I’ve encountered.   You will soon have an ID card that can get you into E25 after hours. For now, if it is after hours you will need to walk around the building (see map below) or wait for someone to open the door for you. If it’s daytime and the door is unlocked, pass through E25 and into the courtyard.   Ahead on the left is the Media Lab. The arch just to the right of the Media Lab was the setting for the upside down lounge hack the CPW when I was a prefrosh. You can also see the Green Building (and its white weather balloon) poking out well behind the Media Lab. Keep walking toward and then under the arch. As you pass the Media Lab on your left, you can look into the first floor to contemplate some art. There is a lot of art at MIT (which you can highlight in the map below and track down in person if you’d like). Go down the stairs and across the street. East Campus is directly on your left. On your right is building 66 (the pointy triangular one in the photo on the right), where you will turn in your 7.01x p-sets and maybe take some biology classes. Main campus is ahead of you (you can just barely see the Great Dome in the photo on the right).   Follow the map below to your living group. You can return to this map whenever you have Internet access at whereis.mit.edu. I’ve marked buildings 66 and E25, which I mentioned above. Welcome home! :)

Loyalty And Friendship In Odyssey - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 791 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/04/01 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Odyssey Essay Did you like this example? Being alone is never a desirable feeling, Walking with a friend in the dark is better than walking alone in the light (Helen Keller). Friends by your side can bring you to accomplish many great things in life and Odysseus, an eminent king in The Odyssey knows this no less. The Odyssey is an Ancient Greek epic composed by a blind poet by the name of Homer about the journey home of a renowned king whom has been absent for two decades at his throne: Odysseus, returning to his native land of Ithaca several kilometers by ship from the emasculative hardships of the Trojan War. While most definitely a quite unfavorable trek to undertake alone, alongside him are his loyal crewmen every hardship and tribulation of the journey to their beloved homeland. Odysseus, the renowned sovereign of Ithaca himself according to the epic was inherently unimpressed by his crewmates often insubordinate nature and overall poor sense of judgement, but then the question simply arises, were Odysseus men as mutinous as he gives them the impression of being, or was the influential king of Ithaca fallacious on his evaluation of his crews performa nce? Despite their frequent defiance of orders throughout the story as referenced in several instances, Odysseus men still maintain their grave loyalty to their noble king on their own unsuccessful journey home. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Loyalty And Friendship In Odyssey" essay for you Create order In order to grasp a well documented understanding of the curious nature of Odysseus squadron, it can be essentially verified by their actions throughout various events throughout the story that they were all frequently subjected on several different occasions to sacrificing their very own lives simply because of the demands required to fulfill Odysseus cleverly crafted commands. Book 9 has a significant representation of these instances: the ruthless brute. Lurching up, he lunged out with his hands toward my men and snatching two at once, rapping them on the ground he knocked them dead like pups their brains gushed out all over, soaked the floor and ripping them limb from limb to fix his meal he bolted them down like a mountain-lion, left no scrap, devoured entrails, flesh and bones, marrow and all! (Homer 145) This sinisterly visual event in the story provides a substantial perspective of merely one occasion of the fatal duties Odysseus men had to accept as a soldier under his comma nd, staying loyal only to his word in spite of their own lives at stake. However, in retrospect, Odysseus crewmen were additionally responsible for suspending their chance at arriving home after years at sea, essentially ruining their one chance at returning to Ithaca alive. Book 10 of the Greek epic states this tragic instance clearly: Hurry, lets see what loot is in that sack, how much gold and silver. Break it open now! A fatal plan, but it won my shipmates over. They loosed the sack and all the winds burst out and a sudden squall struck and swept us back to sea, wailing, in tears, far from our own native land. (Homer 157) This event in the story has the purpose of representing the lust for riches and greed that Odysseus men decided to allow best them over the superior commands of their king, weaving their own fate in the end by essentially not allowing themselves to return home with their noble sovereign of their native land. Additionally, Odysseus men determined their own fate on Helios island housing his godly pride of cattle, which they were absolutely intent on hunting for food despite the warning commands of Odysseus of the deadly wrath of the gods that would inevitably follow after such a deed. Book 12 of the story represents this event, also occurring during the slumber of Odysseus:it states: Helios burst out in rage to all the immortals: Father Zeus! the rest of you blissful gods who never die punish them all, that crew of Laertes son Odysseus what an outrage! They, they killed my cattle, This action taken by Odysseus men caused their own fate because with Helios prideful cattle murdered, the sun god pleaded for vengeance causing Zeus to strike their vessel with a mighty lightning bolt tearing it to shreds and killing everyone on board other than Odysseus, forever ruining their chance at returning to Ithaca. With our perspective on the storys various events involving Odysseus men, it can be fairly judicious to conclude that his men were equally mutinous as they were loyal to his command. So despite the harsh criticism Odysseus invests in his crewmen, the journey home without them would not have been possible without his crew whether or not his men were insubordinate to various commands. It essentially goes to show the most impressive things in life arent accomplished alone, rather, by the cooperation and determination of a group.

Essay about Science and Realism - 933 Words

Science and Realism In the course of this semester, we have read a number of stories that have one common element: science. In most of the stories, the science was hypothetical, but accurate, for the time and usually played an important part in the story. Today we know that most of these ideas range from simply being wrong to flat out impossible. When I say science I am referring to the sciences that are of a physical nature such as biology, chemistry, and physics. Psychology is also a science, but one of a mental nature. The few books that we had that dealt mainly with psychology will not be dealt with in this paper. The first book from the semester was Mary Shelly s Frankenstein. In the story, Victor Frankenstein builds a body†¦show more content†¦If such creatures to be brought into existence today, their construction would have to begin on the genetic level. As of this time, I dont believe that we have the technology to create such creatures. The third story of the semester was Robert Louis Stevensons The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. This story involved a chemically induced physical transformation. Acid could be said to have the same effect of course, but this transformation involved the restructuring of Dr. Jekyll s entire body such that he was shorter, stronger, and more gnarled looking. As with The Island of Dr. Moreau, we know today that for such a transformation would need to be induced at the genetic level. At the time in which this story was set, the knowledge, much less the technology, did not exist for such a thing to be done. The next science related book that we read in the class was The Science Fiction of Edgar Allan Poe. This book was an insult to the genre. The first two stories we were subjected to involved whirlpools. While they are interesting phenomena, whirlpools do not qualify as science fiction. The Unparalleled Adventures of One Hans Pfaal is one of the few stories with anything resembling science. The ideas Hans has about flying a hot air balloon are at least vaguely scientific. After Hans Pfaal, the next story was The Balloon-Hoax. This was the only other vaguely scientific story by Poe. AfterShow MoreRelatedRealism And Its Impact On The Mind Independent Existence Of The World935 Words   |  4 PagesTraditionally, realism is associated with any position that endorses belief in the reality of something. Thus, one might be a realist about one s perceptions of tables and chairs (sense datum realism), about tables and chairs themselves (external world realism), or about mathematical entities s uch as numbers and sets (mathematical realism), and so forth. Scientific realism is a realism about whatever is depicted by our best scientific theories—from this point forward, ‘realism’ here denotes scientificRead MoreAnalysis Of Imre Lakatos s Concept Of Research Programme And The Protective Belt904 Words   |  4 PagesImre Lakatos was a 20th century philosopher of mathematics and science, who introduced the concepts of research programme and the protective belt. It is evident that Lakatos’ ideas stem from two other philosophers of science discussed in class. The first being Karl Popper, and his concept of falsificationism. Popper suggested theories cannot be proven, but, rather, falsified. After putting a theory under experimentation, if you observe results that conflict with the claim or hypothesis, then theRead MoreRealism And Its Impact On The Mind Independent Existence Of The World917 Words   |  4 PagesTraditionally, realism generally is asso ciated with any position that endorses belief in the reality of something. Thus, one might be a realist about one s perceptions of tables and chairs (sense datum realism), or about tables and chairs themselves (external world realism), or about mathematical entities such as numbers and sets (mathematical realism), and so forth. Scientific realism is a realism about whatever is described by our best scientific theories—from this point forward, ‘realism’ here denotesRead MoreProject Is Focussed On The Exploitation Of Alm1651 Words   |  7 Pagesthat critical realism has been identified as an appropriate philosophical approach for this research, but what is critical realism? Critical realism has been formed out of frustration with positivism and constructivism and the associated limitations of the two concepts. Founded by Bhaskar through a combination of transcendental realism (Bhaskar, 1975) and critical naturalism (Bhaskar, 1998), critical realism provides an interface between the two predominant approaches within the sciences. As statedRead MorePhilosophy of Science in Social Research1455 Words   |  6 PagesThe philosophical study of social research is an important dimension of social science which has been placed to analyze the problems of social science description and its relationships. Philosophy of social science deals with the generalized meaning of the thing amp; centered on the sharing of experience about the social world in which people’s perspective differs from one another. The various approaches analyze the social research on the basis of three grounds: Thematic analysis, meta-narrativesRead MoreEssay about The History and Theor y of Magical Realism1057 Words   |  5 PagesThe History and Theory of Magical Realism Magical Realism is one of todays most popular subjects in literature to discuss regarding its history and theory of Magical Realism. It began in the Latin culture and now is known word wide for its attributes. Magical Realism is even rivaling some of the great masterpieces of modern and past literature. Someday Magical Realism will be recognized and respected just as the classics are today. Magical Realism supposedly began in 1935 with its goldenRead MoreRealists Vs. Scientific Theory930 Words   |  4 Pagessuccess of science. This requires that there be a reasonable inference from a scientific theory s success to its approximate truth. The argument that realists are trying to make is that the best explanation of a scientific theory s success is that it is true. Larry Laudan refutes the realists argument from the success of science. To do this, he characterize his opposition as Convergent Epistemological Realism. Convergent realism is a theory about the nature and history of science. Laudan identifiesRead MorePhilosophy Of Science By Samir Okasha1296 Words   |  6 PagesSummary: Philosophy of Science by Samir Okasha is trying to answer the infamous question, what is science? This question has been tempted to be answered by so many people in the past and present. Her take is breaking each section into separate chapters. The first chapter is explaining how we could possibly answer. She makes a reference to changing the question into â€Å"what it is that makes it a science† (pg. 1). Okasha gives a brief history of the origins of science from the age of Copernicus allRead MoreThe Impact Of Science And Philosophy Of Science Essay1336 Words   |  6 Pages Alan Francis Chalmers is an associate professor who works extensive in the history and philosophy of science (physical). Alan Chalmers has taught at the University of Sydney since 1971, first in the School of Philosophy, and from 1987 at the Unit for the History and Philosophy of Science. He attained a B.Sc. in physics at the University of Bristol, and his M.Sc. in physics from the University of Manchester. His Ph.D. on the electromagnetic theory of J.CRead MoreMiddlesex By Jeffery Eugenides Tell The Story Of Cal And1343 Words   |  6 PagesThrough this story Eugenides implements science in order to inform the readers what made Cal what he is. Science adds a shroud of realism to hide that the story is nonfiction. Eugenides adds more complexity to his work by arguing the relevance of science in the modern world. He doesn’t endorse science completely because he also critiques science for its lack of compassion when it comes to treating people with unfortunate genetic mutations such as Cal. Science in fiction can emphasize topics such as

The Effects of Bullying Essay - 1606 Words

The dictionary definition of bullying is, â€Å"a person who is habitually cruel or overbearing, especially to smaller or weaker people†(Bullying) . To many, it is more than a definition in a dictionary, it is a lifestyle. Unfortunately, an opposite lifestyle is lived by more than seventy-five percent of students across the country, the life of being bullied. Hundreds and thousands of children dread opening their computer or going to school because they know what awaits them. Cruel comments, physical harm, and humiliation. Bullies are able to use many tactics to push their victims past the breaking point. They will use the victims social status and deviance, to label them and disconnect them from their in-groups until it seems like they†¦show more content†¦(Pearce, A.7) Sociologist ask many questions that could hold the answer to how a society can put an end to bullying and it’s harmful effects. One of the five basic questions of sociology is the following, how do groups influence individual human behavior? Taking a look at this question, one can see how this can pertain directly to bullying and suicide. Social groups can have a great influence on an individual’s behavior, especially for young people. Everyone wants to feel a sense of belonging and to feel like they are a part of something bigger than themselves. A social Group involves some type of interaction, a sense of belonging, of membership, shared interests or agreement on values, norms, and goals. Throughout a persons young life, they will be involved with several social groups. Some will be in-groups, which are social groups that people feel a sense of belonging, share a consciousness of kind, share a common fate, adhere to a common ideology, or come from a common background . On the other hand, an out-group is a group to which people feel they do not belong, they do not share a consciousness of kind, and they feel little identity. If an individual is being bullied, it will often be by an out-group. This out-group will make the individual feel like they are weird or different, however, by becoming a part of a referenceShow MoreRelatedBullying And Its Effect On Bullying1225 Words   |  5 Pagessituation is too much time wasted while another child suffers at the hands of bullying. There is no way to put a complete stop to bullying. Even if people responded to the issue in an ideal way, which almost no one does, there is not a one-size-fits-all solution to the problem (Whitson). People too often refer to an understood goal to stop bullying. 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Introduction to Marketing Power of Customers

Question: Discuss about the Introduction to Marketing for the Power of Customers. Answer: Introduction The marketing plan of a company focuses on increased brand image as well as reinforcement of the product in the mind of the customers. It is formulated to boost the levels of sales of a certain range of product of a company. However, in this study, marketing plan of 3M gloves will be discussed in a detailed manner. In the gloves range of 3M, Refinishing Gloves are selected for re-launch in the Australian market. 3M has huge varieties of products with a high brand reputation all over the world. The company is known for its quality and innovation in the market. 3M sells more than 4000 products in different countries of the world. The report will formulate a marketing plan for the re-launch of Refinishing Gloves in the market of Australia. It is found that the Refinishing gloves do not have popularity compared to same products of the competitors. The new plan will cover many aspects such as SWOT Analysis, micro, macro and internal environment analysis along with a detailed description o f the marketing plan. Apart from that, the new marketing plan will be formulated in an innovative way so that it can accomplish the marketing goals and objectives of the product at the strategic level. The target market chosen for formulating the marketing plan for is Australia. Situational Analysis Macro Environment Analysis Macro Environment Analysis for 3M Refinishing Gloves illustrates PESTEL Analysis. Political factors: Politically Australia is safe in nature. The multinational companies are investing in Australian subcontinent. The adaptability of the country to tackle the tough economic conditions is ranked first globally. The high rate of transparency and efficiency is maintained affecting business operations. Economic factors: GDP and per capita income of Australia is very high. Australia ranks the second position regarding average wealth. Switzerland holds the first position with the high market economy. Hence, it can be said that it is a wealthy country. 3M has the massive scope of re-launching its Refinishing gloves in the Australian market as the country is witnessing high economic growth last year (Papadopoulos and Heslop 2014). Social factors: As it is earlier mentioned that Australia is a wealthy country, people spend more for buying their necessary things. Social factors include culture, nature of the population of Australia. This environment is beneficial for the company for increasing the revenue by a substantial amount of sales of the Refinishing gloves. Technological factors: Australia is very developed regarding technical dimensions. The country has many companies in IT sector that have introduced many technical systems that improved the technical dearth in the nation. 3M can take this as an advantage in expanding its business operations all over Australia. These technologies will help in manufacturing and distribution of the products in the market (Zeriti et al. 2014). Environmental factors: Change in weather conditions, climate, and temperature, includes the environmental factors. Apart from that, pollution and global warming is a burning issue that can affect the productivity of 3M in their facility plants. However, there are many environmental protection acts that can create a positive impact on the profitability of the Refinishing Gloves of 3M (Ryan 2014). Legal factors: Trade laws and other tax laws are for the foreign companies. The government of Australia has given much leverage to the multinational corporations that have helped them in flourishing their trade across different parts of Australia. However, laws and regulations in certain circumstances can create an impact on the spending nature and buy behavior of Australian consumers. Laws of age discrimination and disability discrimination somehow create a negative impact on the business operations of 3M (Armstrong et al. 2014). Micro Environment Analysis The microenvironment of 3M Refinishing Gloves refers to customers, banks, people, suppliers, competitors, employees, distributors, media and trade unions. Trade unions of 3M have a dominant role in the manufacturing facility of 3M Refinishing gloves. Customers include the target customers for the specific product of the company. People include external public of Australia. It is the responsibility of the company to maintain a good reputation among the public of the country. The needs and demands of the public should be satisfied by Refinishing Gloves of 3M (Kotler et al. 2015). Quality and innovative products delivery to the customers is the main responsibility of the company towards its clients. Suppliers are vital for any business to run. The providers are responsible for the supply of raw materials to the facility site of the gloves of 3M. Banks are the financial institutions that help in financing the business of the company. The suppliers-company relation must be good so that th e productivity will be increased. It is the responsibility of the gloves division of 3M for giving privileges to the suppliers and distributors so that they remain loyal to the company (Warren 2015). Apart from that, competitors play a vital role in developing an effective marketing plan for the selected products. Media partners, in this case, play a critical role that helps in the promotion of the product in the Australian market. The company must select good media partners that are responsible for the promotion of the Refinishing gloves among the target market. Internal Environment Analysis Internal environment analysis includes Mc Kinseys 7S model. Strategy: It can be divided into long term and short term strategy. However, the marketing plan of 3M refinishing gloves is short term in nature. Structure: Structure describes the organization chart of the company. 3M has the clean structure of reporting to the immediate supervisors. The marketing department can report to the strategic team or the senior management if any changes are required in the re-launching plan of the product in the market (Gonzalez-Padron et al. 2016). Style: It refers to the leadership style followed by the leaders within the company. The enterprise is known for its famous leaders that manage its innovation. Leaders of the business, especially in the marketing team, will follow participative leadership so that everybody can take part in formulating the plan for re-launch of the product in the Australian market. Staff: The employees of the marketing team along with the other department are competent enough for the formulation of the marketing plan. 3M is a global company with a high brand reputation (Chernev 2015). Systems: The business processes included in the enterprise are termed as systems that are responsible for effective performance in the workplace. Skills: It includes various technical, interpersonal, management, leadership and intrapersonal skills that will help in driving the team towards better productivity. Shared Values: It refers to the values of the company that must be incorporated among the employees of the company (Berman 2016). SWOT Analysis Strengths: Employee base of 3M is very strong. The diversified products of the company serve in many countries around the world. The refinishing glove of 3M has the strong financial condition. Apart from that, the strong brand image is one of the most strength of the company which will help in a boost of the sales of the gloves. Weaknesses: Environmental and litigations issues of the company are responsible for the ill brand image and profitability of 3M refinishing gloves. 3M is the market leader in its domain. Wrong steps in the marketing approach would diminish the reputation of the brand (Crespy and Miller 2015). Opportunities: The market of Australia is economically very stable. Effective marketing strategies will help in attracting more customers towards the product. The global image of the company will assist in strengthening the brand of the refinishing gloves. The innovative product will indeed hit the market. Threats: The competitors of the company are considered as a threat to the enterprise in the market. It can cause a loss of the market share in Australia. Price sensitive customers may switch the brand if the competitors provide better facilities at a low price. Strategic marketing plan Marketing Goals The objective of the marketing plan is to perform all the activities within a stipulated budget. Proper time and budget allocation is the primary key to success of the plan formulated for the refinishing gloves of 3M. It is seen that the previous marketing plan of the product is not effective. The brand awareness of the product is very little. The pricing strategy of the product is premium pricing which should be incorporated in the re-launch plan of the refinishing gloves of 3M in the market. The strategic goals include profit, price, sales, brand awareness, and product objectives. Added benefits are included in the section of product objectives that will help in increasing the demand for the product among the target market (S. Whalen and M. Boush 2014). The refinishing gloves do not belong to niche category like the other products of 3M. Hence, the company has to introduce various traditional methods of advertisement techniques in the goal setting aspect of the marketing plan. Howe ver, it is the responsibility of the marketers of the product to convey the goals and objectives of the plan to the people associated with the plan for gaining insight into the effectiveness of it in the long run. Marketing Mix Product: Refinishing Gloves is the product that is selected for formulating the marketing plan. This is a unique commercial product that is very beneficial for the customers of Australia. The gloves will protect the hands of the user from stains and polishes. It will offer reliable and comfortable protection at the time of refinishing the surfaces of furniture. The added benefits that are provided with the product as the product objectives are flocked cotton lining, puncture resistant and textured palm regarding gripping purpose. Customers can avail many benefits if they use it properly (Tugut et al. 2015). Price: Premium pricing is the universal pricing strategy that is adopted by 3M throughout their all product categories. Customers are willing to pay premium charges for their products due to the high brand reputation in the market. Premium decoy pricing can be done in this case to collect revenue from other categories of gloves of 3M. It is the best pricing strategy for re-launch of a product (Paliwoda and Thomas 2013). Place: Re-launching of the product will be commenced in shopping malls, trade fairs, retail shops, company-owned stores of 3M, etc. Marketing of the gloves in these areas will attract a huge customer base. It would result in an increase in sales. The enterprise has to maintain a good relationship with the suppliers and distributors that help in the smooth flow of products in the retail outlets (Hsu et al. 2016). Promotion: It is the most vital part of the re-launch of refinishing gloves as the previous marketing plan did not provide desirable results. This time, the company has to focus on the promotion of the gloves. 3M is known for its low traditional development of its products. The budget that is allocated for the whole marketing plan should be utilized maximum in the promotional activities of the refinishing gloves. The traditional channels of advertisement include print ads, radio promotion, newspaper ads, television, etc. Apart from these, the company also focuses on different online media marketing channels for tapping more customer segments regarding the re-launch of the refinishing gloves of 3M (Pearson 2013). However, in-store promotions such as point of purchase, point of sales, offers, discounts should be done in the preliminary stage to drag the attention of the shoppers towards the product i.e. refinishing gloves. Conclusion The study illustrates a detailed description of the marketing of an existing product of 3M i.e. refinishing gloves. There are many other types of gloves that the company is manufacturing. This product needs re-launch in the Australian market. A marketing plan along with situational analysis is provided in the report. It will help the marketer to commence the marketing mix for the gloves in an efficient manner. The marketing department will utilize the budget that is allocated by the strategic management department of the company so that the product can enjoy the successful high brand image. The product on successful marketing campaign will have increased sales. It would lead to improved productivity. Refinishing Gloves of 3M will be able to earn a good brand image in the Australian market. References Armstrong, G., Adam, S., Denize, S., and Kotler, P., 2014. Principles of marketing. Pearson Australia. Berman, B., 2016. Referral Marketing: Harnessing the power of your customers. Business Horizons,59(1), pp.19-28. Chernev, A., 2015.The marketing plan handbook. Cerebellum Press. Crispy, C.T. and Miller, V.V., 2015. Toward a Taxonomy of Marketing Strategies: Issues and Evidence. In Proceedings of the 1985 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 261-265). Springer International Publishing. Gonzalez-Padron, T.L., Hult, G.T.M. and Ferrell, O.C., 2016. A Stakeholder Marketing Approach to Sustainable Business.Marketing in and for a Sustainable Society (Review of Marketing Research, Volume 13) Emerald Group Publishing Limited,13, pp.61-101. Hsu, L., Fournier, S. and Srinivasan, S., 2016. Brand architecture strategy and substantial value: how leveraging, separating and distancing the corporate brand affects risk and returns. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,44(2), pp.261-280. Kotler, P., Keller, K.L., Manceau, D. and Hmonnet-Goujot, A., 2015.Marketing management(Vol. 14). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Paliwoda, S. and Thomas, M., 2013.International marketing. Routledge. Papadopoulos, N. and Heslop, L.A., 2014.Product-country images: Impact and role in international marketing. Routledge. Pearson, D., 2013.The 20 Ps of Marketing: A complete guide to marketing strategy. Kogan Page Publishers. Ryan, D., 2014.Understanding digital marketing: marketing strategies for engaging the digital generation. Kogan Page Publishers. Whalen, P. and M. Boush, D., 2014. Why, how and to what effect do firms deviate from their intended marketing plans? Towards a taxonomy of post plan improvisations.European Journal of Marketing,48(3/4), pp.453-476. Tugut, M., Arnold, M.J. and Carlson, B.D., 2015. Consumer Choice Between Hedonic and Utilitarian Recovery Options in Service Failures: A Mood Regulation Perspective. InThe Sustainable Global Marketplace(pp. 426-426). Springer International Publishing. Warren, H.B., 2015. 3M: A Critical Thinking Tool for Multicultural Marketers. InProceedings of the 1998 Multicultural Marketing Conference(pp. 348-353). Springer International Publishing. Zeriti, A., Robson, M.J., Spyropoulou, S. and Leonidou, C.N., 2014. Sustainable export marketing strategy fit and performance.Journal of International Marketing,22(4), pp.44-66.

Appeasement. Appeasement Is A Conciliatory Action Taken Towards The Ag

Appeasement. Appeasement is a conciliatory action taken towards the aggressor by giving what was asked. Many examples of this often cowardly action can seen through the course of history, such as the case of Alexander II when he passed the Emancipation Act in order to prevent peasant rebellion. Such was also the case in the gathering storm of World War II. The earliest sign of appeasement was seen in 1935, when Great Britain signed the Anglo-German Naval agreement. Great Britain simply allowed Germany to rebuild its navy in order to prevent any conflicts. This led to the breaking up of Stresa Front, a coalition made by the Allies against Germanys rearmament. As some others see it, the reoccupation of the Rhineland was the first appeasement made by Great Britain. At first the alarmed French proposed sanction but Great Britain declined, feeling that any minor conflict with the Germans could lead in another World War. Great Britains attitude led to a further breakdown of Stresa Front, and Hitler started to take a low view of the Allied solidarity. During the Spanish Civil War, Britain and France were again seen to have appeased the Axis Power. As democratic nations, the two allies had a duty to support the republican government by providing arms, but they felt that any action against the will of Italy would further separate them from Italy. The Allies proposed non-intervention, which annoyed the two Axis nations anyway. Through this the Allies had lost their greatest security to a Fascist nation. The Anschluss of 1936 was also accepted by Great Britain and France, and Hitler had become more confident. The final appeasement made by the Allies was in 1938-39, during the Czechoslovakian crisis. Hitler had demanded that the Sudetenland be given self- determination as part of Germany. Immediately Great Britain and France searched for a way to make a peaceful agreement, even at the expense of another democratic nation. Without even discussing with Czechoslovakians, Britains Prime Minister Chamberlain flew to Berchtesgarten with an agreement that would give Germany the right to only occupy parts of the Sudetenland. Berchtesgarten was a place where Hitler stayed during vacation time, and this made Hitler feel that he could ask for more, because Chamberlain must have been desperate for peace to fly all the way out to Germany for a discussion. Hitler declined and they met again at Bad Godesberg. Again Hitler declined and the Munich Conference was held. In this conference, Germany was given all the land she wanted. Great Britain and France had given up the Sudetenland without even discussing the issue with the Czechoslovakians. One positive result came out of this agreement. It was that by this time, it was difficult to pretend any longer that Hitler was interested in only reasonable demands. But this realization by the British was too late, as France and she had lost an ally who could have created a second front in a war against Germany. Russia became skeptical of the Allies trustworthiness and signed with Nazi-Soviet Pact in 1939 to divide Poland between them. Seeing the Germans accomplish their fight for self-determination, Polish, Hungarians and other nations split up the remaining part of Czechoslovakia and by doing so, made it easier for Hitler to conquer them. Without doubt, appeasement has played a major role in encouraging Hitler to pursue his ultimate goals. If Great Britain and France had taken more aggressive actions towards Hitlers demands, perhaps Germany would have been stopped before becoming such an imperial nation. Also, during the first few aggressions, Germanys army was not even close to being as powerful as Hitler always presented it to be so he would have been fairly easily defeated. However, from another perspective, if the Allies had taken more aggressive actions towards Germany, more blood might have been shed through a myriad of wars.

The U.S. Intellectual History Essay Sample

The U.S. Intellectual History Essay Sample The American Intellectual History Since 1877 Essay Sample The American Intellectual History Since 1877 Essay Sample American Thought Donald Richard DeLillo is a famous American author; he wrote sixteen novels and many other writings about the problems in the modern life of the American society. At the age of forty-nine, the writer finished his famous book White Noise, which forced the global society to recognize him as one of the famous world’s writers. In 1985, it brought him the National Book Award. Moreover, Don DeLillo became twice a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction and won multiple National awards for his literary works. In the novel White Noise, the writer describes a common American family, its life in the modern society and problems, which it has to solve. All thoughts, actions, and deeds of a human being connect the past with the present, but the fear of death makes people commit errors. In the modern epoch, Americans have changed their views on the superheroes; they have to live, fight for life, and survive without any ideological ideals. The problem is what one will leave behind him or her after the death. The novel White Noise is dedicated to the existence of a human being in the modern world and relations between an individual and the society, in which any superhero is a fiction. Thus, the author compares the world to a wagon, in which people as students travel the life. They solve their problems and have different worldviews and interests, but their point of destination is death irrespective of their hopes and desires. Everybody knows it and does not want to die. The fear of death made Babette, the wife of the main character, Professor Jack Gladney, take drugs, which destroyed her psychic health. Professor Gladney gave lessons of Hitler at the university because he believed that the dictator’s theory could save a crowd from the fear of death, â€Å"Crowds came to form a shield†¦ to become a crowd is to keep out death† (DeLillo, 2012, p. 88). Thus, Hitler became his idol, and even one of his colleagues, Murray J. Siskind, wanted to adopt the experience of Gladney f or studying Elvis Presley. In fact, Gladney described Hitler as an ordinary person, who managed to become a strong personality. In the modern life, the American society turned into the nation of consumers having neither leaders nor dictators. As Gladney considered, the society needed a powerful hand for the further development. He said it to his students. At the same time, his kids existed in their world without his direct control. Of course, the man lived in the past in his thoughts and could not see the present. Thus, only his daughter discovered that Babette took drugs. It was a real tragedy for Professor. Both he and his wife, Babette, were afraid of death when they got to know that they could die of a toxic substance of Nyodene Din in the blood. Hazardous environment and illness of the wife brought Gadley to his end. Consequently, he decided to kill a man, who gave drugs to Babette. The crucial moment emerged when Gadley, who was afraid of death, was killing Gray. Fear, rage, evil, and suffering turned the man to a criminal, even though, it was an unsuccessful attempt. In the result, injured Gadley broug ht injured Gray to the hospital. Professor experienced what human beings felt when killing each other. He saw how Gray was dying after his shot. Of course, it was a shock to him. At the same time, Gadley experienced a similar feeling what Gray did when Gray injured him. Of course, the man’s decision to save the life of his victim changed his vision of how an avenger should act. Nevertheless, nobody knew what both men felt being near their ends. The situation mentioned above resembles actions of the United States after the World War II when it gave financial credits to Germany and Japan for rebuilding their economies. Therefore, in the modern epoch, Americans have changed their views on superheroes; they have to live, fight for life, and survive without any ideological ideals. The problem is what one will leave behind him or her after the death. In the novel White Noise, Don DeLillo described the contemporary society of the United States with its problems and happy times on the example of Professor Jack Gadley’s family. While studying Hitler’s ideology, the man could not see all the problems, which emerged in his family. His children lived in their world; his wife became drug addicted, and his life turned into a pointless existence. By committing a crime, Gadley helped his victim. He exercised generosity, which was one of the major features of the American people’s national character. Historical and Intellectual Contexts of the Works of Malcolm X, Martin Luther King, and SDS. â€Å"Letters from a Birmingham Jail† A great American human rights fighter, Martin Luther King, was a leader of the whole Human Rights Movement. His father gave him the best education he could, and in 1955, Martin Luther King got the Ph.D. degree after finishing his education at the Boston University. Being a Christian minister, Martin Luther King supported non-violent relationships between people, which were to be based on love to God and neighbors. Mahatma Gandhi became his favorite teacher. â€Å"Letters from a Birmingham Jail† proved to be a powerful means of gaining human rights for hundreds of thousands of the African Americans. Non-violent actions, as well as ideas of Christian love and brotherhood, have transformed the American society, making it more humane and democratic. In 1963, Martin Luther King was imprisoned in the Birmingham jail for the non-violent demonstration against racism in Birmingham. There, King wrote his immortal â€Å"Letters from a Birmingham Jail,† which made him one of the prominent American politicians. Martin Luther King addressed eight white clergymen for support of the peaceful demonstrations, which in their eyes were â€Å"not peaceful, ethical, or moral solution to the racial problem† (Bass, 2001, p. 25). On the one hand, the clergymen desired peace and harmony in the city, and on the other hand, they did not want to solve any racial problem at all, stating that the African Americans should not raise these questions because it was too early at that time. Martin Luther King understood the strength of the Christian teaching in such disputes. Therefore, he provided examples from the Bible, lives of famous ancient philosophers, and some historical events in order to prove his rightness. As a matter of fact, he put his opponents in a situation, in which they could do nothing but recognize his rightness. Otherwise, they would consider Jesus Christ a criminal. Of course, nobody could make such a conclusion. Moreover, this letter was published in newspapers and magazines and appeared in other mass media. At the same time, Martin Luther King raised a problem of the fair justice in Birmingham. King’s letter disturbed the whole country. It was not a mob of several hundreds of African Americans, once inspired by Malcolm X, but a multimillion population of the United States. Moreover, Martin Luther King considered African Americans an integral part of the American nation, without which the United States would have been a sweet dream of the European colonists. Martin Luther King’s examples and philosophical reasoning of the demonstration were the most convenient evidence of his rightness. As a matter of fact, nobody could charge him with any crime. Contrary, Martin Luther King defended his civil rights and civil rights of all the African Americans, which were violated by the white racists. â€Å"Port Huron Statement† A famous American political activist, director of the Peace and Justice Resource Center, Tom Hayden, wrote SDS’s manifesto. As Tom Hayden (2005) states, â€Å"The Port Huron Statement called for a coalescing of social movements: civil rights, peace, labor, liberals, and students† (p. 14). He supports the leftist movements in creating a radically new democracy in the United States. In fact, Hayden supported the Communists. He became a human rights activist, who organized a powerful anti-war movement in order to withdraw the American troops from Vietnam. His famous work â€Å"Port Huron Statement† was aimed at the improvement of the students’ self-government; it changed the political climate in the United States by rejecting bureaucracy. Non-violent actions have improved democracy in the United States by changing relations between officials and common people. At the same time, the Communist ideas posed a real threat to the whole American civic society becaus e it leads to a totalitarian political regime. Tom Hayden and other fifty-eight radical activists wrote the â€Å"Port Huron Statement† in 1962. At that time, a progressive student movement SDS, Students for a Democratic Society, conducted their actions in order to establish more democratic relations between officials and the society. In the manifesto of the movement, the authors define problems in the country and explain their radical viewpoints, which aim to improve democracy for the sake of the future. At the same time, the authors stated that employing the leftist and Communist viewpoints on internationalism in the American policy could solve the interracial issues in the country. On the other hand, they opposed bureaucracy, stating that it was the main reason for all problems, which the American graduate students faced in their life after finishing their education. Thus, the so-called New Left Movement could protect the students’ human rights opposing racism and the Cold War. Of course, the leftist policy under mined traditional American individualism and certain freedoms of a person. Improving democracy in a student community within an educational establishment was not the same to changing the whole society, as the activists had imagined. The excessive focus on the Communist principles would cause a natural sequence of abolishing the private property, and it would change the whole political system of the United States. The improvement of relations with the Soviet Union in the Cold War would be possible only under the Soviet conditions; consequently, it would mean the defeat of the whole international policy of the United States. â€Å"The Ballot or the Bullet† A famous African American leader, Malcolm X, had a quite different viewpoint on the further development of the Civil Rights Movement. As Foner (2011) states, the man was against the idea of non-violent resistance. He considered the Black Nationalism the only opportunity for the liberation of the African Americans. Malcolm X stated, â€Å"Christianity as a religion designed for slaves and the Negro clergy as the curse of the black man, exploiting him for their own purposes† (as cited in X Haley, 1992, p. xii). In his work â€Å"The Ballot or the Bullet,† Malcolm X appealed to the African Americans to unite around the idea of liberating their communities from the whites irrespective of their religious or political views. Malcolm X did not distinguish capitalism from socialism, but he proclaimed the superiority of his race over the whites. It made him a weak politician. In 1964, Malcolm X wrote his work â€Å"The Ballot or the Bullet† for a speech to be delivered at a Methodist Church of the African American community in Cleveland, Ohio. Being a Muslim, Malcolm X called for the African Americans to defend their rights on running their communities. He wanted to develop the Black Nationalism as the major policy of the Human Rights Movement. At the same time, he rejected any non-violent actions as the whites severely humiliated the African Americans. Thus, he supported racial segregation stating the African race to be supreme over the European one. In his speech â€Å"The Ballot or the Bullet,† Malcolm X (1964) states that the African Americans had to unite in a political bloc while the whites would be divided â€Å"to determine whos going to sit in the White House and whos going to be in the dog house† (X p. 76). Although Malcolm X blamed officials for the degradation of the African American communities, he hoped that fair electio ns would change the situation. At the same time, the activist expected the Government to pass the civil rights acts that would improve the situation. Otherwise, the African Americans had to take weapons for the defense of their rights. Malcolm X’s nationalist policy helped create the African American national communities, develop their culture, educational establishments, enforce ties with the African peoples and countries, and attract attention to the racial problem in the American society. At the same time, he strongly opposed the non-violent struggle and did not understand the difference between political parties. All these issues made him a weaker politician. In 1918, the wide-known American Creed determined that the United States authorities had been established to serve the needs of the whole American nation. The three literary works of SDS leader Tom Hayden, Civil Rights leader Martin Luther King, and the Black Nationalist leader Malcolm X demonstrate how they appealed to the authorities on behalf of their communities with the aim to solve various political problems. They proved the necessity to make decisions for establishing more democratic relations between authorities and their communities. Thus, Tom Hayden and Martin Luther King gained certain success in solving racial and bureaucratic problems, and Malcolm X persuaded the African Americans to unite in their struggle. At the same time, only non-violent political actions can gain success in the country. Any propaganda of armed conflicts and riots leads to terrorism; therefore, it will be considered hostile to the whole nation. As a matter of fact, each political party represents on ly a small part of the society, which does not have any right to kill people for their opposite political views. Only a dialog with authorities can solve all the problems present in the society. Therefore, Martin Luther King remains the most powerful political leader among those three. His work changed the whole opinion of the society and created conditions for a further dialog with the authorities. American Multiculturalism African Americans initiated the Civil Rights Movement, which became a crucial point in the development of the civic society in the first successful republic in the world, which had rich democratic traditions. African Americans enriched American democracy, which made the United States the most powerful country in the world at the end of the twentieth century. It is difficult to overestimate the significance of the African American community as an integral part of the American nation in the past and present times. Moreover, such great intellectuals and political leaders as W. E. B. Du Bois, James Baldwin, Martin Luther King, and Malcolm X made a sufficient contribution to the further development of the real democratic society in the United States. They aimed to turn the country into the world’s leader of the wealthy and happy people, human rights, and liberty. American multiculturalism became a powerful solution to all the problems of inequality, which existed in the society. W. E. B. Du Bois, James Baldwin, Martin Luther King, and Malcolm X were the true leaders of the African American society, who determined the further development of its democracy. They exercised different religions, and W. E. B. Du Bois even was an atheist, but they were united by love to their society and strived to improve the African Americans’ life in the United States. W. E. B. Du Bois occupied a special place in the hierarchy of the most prominent fighters for the human rights. He was the first African American, who earned a doctorate from the Harvard University. In 1909, W. E. B. Du Bois found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, which was one of the most significant organizations in protecting the human rights of all people of the non-European race. He considered African Americans an integral part of the American nation and thought that multiculturalism was the most prominent solution for the further development of the American society. James Baldwin, Martin Luther King, and Malcolm X were sons of the Christian preachers, but only Martin Luther King preserved his parents’ faith becoming a Christian clergyman. Of course, Martin Luther King backed multiculturalism of W. E. B. Du Bois. Both leaders supported the idea of developing various cultural traditions in the United States as the parts of a single national American culture. They opposed racial segregation of Malcolm X, who considered African Americans a different nation, which had to exist separately from the whites. Therefore, Martin Luther King criticized Malcolm X for that position. The activist could not support the Communists, but they shared his non-violent actions against racial discrimination. Moreover, he did not approve atheism of W. E. B. Du Bois, who welcomed the ideologies of the Socialists and Communists. Malcolm X was a leader of the Black Nationalists, who denied multiculturalism as a hostile social movement. He hated the whites because he considered that they only committed crimes, humiliated, and killed African Americans, and spread sins like devils. As Malcolm X stated, he â€Å"refused to see the impossibility of the white man conceding secession from the United States; at this stage in his career he contended it was the only solution† (X Haley, 1992, p. xii). He believed that the African Americans could develop own culture, community, science, and economy with the separation from the United States. At the same time, Malcolm X could not distinguish socialism from capitalism, and when he was asked to tell his opinion about socialism, he wanted to know whether it will bring any benefit to the African Americans. He claimed that the African Americans should return to any independent African country, and this idea was supported by many of his adepts. In the result, many Afric ans left the United States for Africa with the help of some special funds, established for this purpose. At the same time, Malcolm X improved the cultural, educational, and political development of the African Americans. Of course, he made many mistakes in the struggle against the white racism, and he recognized it. In the course of time, Malcolm X could have come close to Martin Luther King if they both had not been killed. James Baldwin began his career as a Christian priest but converted to Islam. He was a famous American author, who cooperated with many newspapers. James Baldwin was a real pattern of how an African American’s literary activity became a part of the National culture. He gained worldwide recognition for his works The Fire Next Time, No Name in the Street, and The Devil Finds Work. James Baldwin shared the views of both Martin Luther King and Malcolm X. He understood the whole racial problem of the American society and also supported the sexual minority movement for its human rights. James Baldwin had influenced Martin Luther King for some time, but finally, King refused to maintain relations with Baldwin. Of course, James Baldwin claimed multiculturalism to be a major means of solving racial problems, but he appreciated Malcolm X in the establishment and development of the native African American traditions and customs. American multiculturalism could exist only with the activities of such political leaders as W. E. B. Du Bois, who had developed this theory, Martin Luther King, who had proved that African Americans were an integral part of the American nation, and James Baldwin, whose literary works became a part of the American National culture. Malcolm X rejected multiculturalism but encouraged the development of the native African American culture, which took its significant place in the whole multicultural life of the United States. Therefore, all of them made their great contribution to the development of the American civil society in spite of their different political views, religions, and beliefs in the future life of the African American society.

Corporate governance Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Corporate governance - Coursework Example Cadbury Report highlights the role of Chairman and Chief Executive Officer. The Chairman must not be allowed to become CEO and the same is applicable to the vice versa at the same. The Chairman is primarily responsible for the board’s working, and for its membership balance subject to board and approval of shareholders (ecgi, web). The Greenbury report focuses on the directors’ remuneration (icaew). The fundamental aim of this report is to identify good practice in identifying and determining directors’ remuneration; besides reporting a code of practice for UK PLCs. The Hampel report was designed to review the Cadbury report on corporate governance. Basically, this report enumerates all the elements discussed in the Cadbury report; this report talks about the role of directors and shareholders, directors’ remuneration, accountability and audit (ecgi, web). The Turnbull report talks about the internal controls. As the internal controls are the significant e lements of the corporate governance, the Turnbull report describes the significance and elements of a sound system of internal control (portal. survey, web). The Higgs Review puts light on the role of non-executive directors (national archieves, web). In this report, besides considerably stipulating the significance of the role of non-executive directors, the much emphasis is also placed on the effective role of non-executive directors. 2- Discuss the difference between the principles –based approach and the rules-based approach and highlight the advantages and disadvantages of each for the practice of corporate governance. Answer The principles-based approach is applied in UK; on the other hand, the rules-based approach is applied in United States of America. The principles-based approach is based on the concept of â€Å"comply or explain approach.† Under this approach, a company is either to comply with the requirements mentioned in the framework or to explain a deci sion of non-compliance. On the other hand, a US corporation cannot avail this option; it has to comply with the requirements of the framework issued by the Securities and Exchange Commission. The principles-based approach is mostly driven by the market forces. As a result, if a company wants to avoid complying with the corporate governance Codes, and additionally if the company has valid reason to do so, this can increase the chances for more investment, which will generate more employment opportunities. The disadvantage of this approach is that if the UK government or a regulatory authority wants to enforce certain corporate practices, it may not be easy for them to do so. The major of advantage of rules-based approach is that a company will find it difficult to circumvent the unpleasant rules. As a result, this approach considerably reduces the chances of mal-corporate practices. In addition, investors knowing corporate governance structure of a company; would not avoid investing further into the company as their confidence level has considerably improved after the implementation of the rules-based approach. However, some disadvantages cannot be avoided. The rules-based approach are mandatory to be followed, some companies may avoid investing in the United States of America as there are inflexible corporate rules. In addition, existing companies may disinvest due to the presence of such rigid rules. 3-What is board effectiveness? Discuss how this can be achieved for UK firms. Use

Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Economics - Essay Example This way corn serves a two-way purpose and that will definitely increase its demand. Corn and soybean are considered as substitutes and according to economic theory if demand for a product raises then the demand for its substitute will obviously decline. Following this principle the price of the soybean will decline. Again corn and soybean shares the same habitat for production, especially the prime raw material for any agricultural production the land. Now an increased demand for corn will also lead to a higher price for the same, since price and demand are directly correlated. A product that is offering higher price will definitely translate into higher profit for the producer and an immediate shift from production of soybean to that of corn. Higher percentage of land and effort will now be directed towards corn production than that of soybean (Pearce, 2006). The above discussion seems economically sound, however a careful investigation might reveal that this holds for short run. O nce the producer starts to devote more land and other raw materials to the production of corn, corn production will rise and production of soybean will fall. Hence in long run owing to higher supply of corn its price will come down and that of soybean will go up as it is scarce now. These points to the fact that in long run an eventual equilibrium will be reached where both will be produced at an optimum level for the economy. Last but not the least since, energy has an ever increasing demand, hence if corn can project itself as a viable source of alternative energy in long run that have enough potential to replace fossil fuels then the trend for substituting soybean production land and raw material in favor of the corn might show a sustained trend, with soybean production looking for an alternative way as itself is a nutritious and valuable food source along with a rich source for food oil. It is obvious that since there is high need of alternative form of energy and that especiall y of bio fuel; corn oil as an important source of bio fuel will enjoy this boom in demand and price for this product will go up. The magnitude of this rise in price is subject to much debate. First of all if demand for a product is matched by its supply then the rise in price is minimal or zero. However if this is not the scenario that is there is excess demand then the price will go up. Interestingly it is worth noting that in case of excess supply the price might also go down even courting a rise in demand for the concerned product. The excess supply often follows a rise in demand owing to the behavioural pattern of the producer who might over estimate the rise in demand and increase his supply of corn in tune of his expectations. Apart from this demand-supply interaction, many other factors do operate while determining the fate of the corn oil. If people are well aware of the potential that corn oil holds as a fuel and alternative source of energy that will definitely translate i nto higher demand. Again this has to be also undertaken into the realm of analysis that whether any other form of substitutes to corn oil does exist, that might be cheaper, easily available in plenty and better source of energy. As a viable source of alternative energy in the long run corn oil will face quite a competition with Jatropha and Pongamia pinnata (Bridgewater, Halford and Karp, 2010, p. 236) and that outcome will

The Poor But Efficient Hypothesis Economics Essay

The Poor But Efficient Hypothesis Economics Essay In Chapter one we set in motion the purpose for this research and explain to the reader the essence of quantifying the amount the household is willing to pay for abating malaria both in the present and in the future. In this chapter we go a step further by reviewing literature in this area. This chapter is important because it provides the reader with a sort of history into this area of research. It also gives the reader an opportunity to understand where our research stands vis-à  -vis other researches in this area. Obtaining a value for the marginal effect of malaria on farmers technical efficiency is one of the live wires on which precise estimates for our Willingness-To-Pay depend. We therefore want to start by reviewing literature in the area of efficiency measurement; afterwards, we will research into literature in the area of Willingness To Pay. Before we go ahead we highlight the purpose of measuring technical efficiency to the reader. Technical efficiency primarily enables one to understand the relationship between input used and the output (total harvested crop). It also enables us to measure the performance of individual farms in an industry as well as provide an index for the average performance of the overall industry. This then leads us to propose policy recommendations that could help shift the production frontier- the maximum attainable harvest from each input- of the farm closer to the industry frontier at the prevailing technology. As we progress in this research the reader will further appreciate this concept and the reason why it is one of the most talked about concepts in development/resource economics. At the moment, our aim is to examine some literature that relates to our area of research. We therefore start Section 2.1 by reviewing literature relating to the poor but efficient hypothesis of Schultz (1964). Section 2.2 reviews some agriculture-based literature on efficiency and health. In doing this we divide the study on inefficiency into two; the Frequentist (Section 2.2.1) and the Bayesian (Section 2.2.2) studies. Using another method of classification, we classify the study of efficiency into single output studies (Section 2.2.3) and multiple output studies (Section 2.2.4). This puts us in good standing to review literature on Willingness-To-Pay in Section 2.4. Productivity/Efficiency Studies in Agriculture The Poor but Efficient Hypothesis The huge volume of research on efficiency in agriculture draws motivation from Schultz (1964) book Transforming Traditional Agriculture. In the book he explains why rural farmers are efficient in the management and allocation of resources. He advances a hypothesis popularly called the poor but efficient hypothesis. Researchers try to verify this hypothesis quantitatively; in doing this, a lot of issues come to the fore, part of which is; the best way to measure productivity. Before the advent of the deterministic measure of productivity pioneered by Aigner and Chu (1968), and, Afriat (1972) researchers attempt to measure efficiency. Of great importance to us in this area are the works of Welsch (1965), Chennareddy (1967) and Lipton (1968) because they specifically test the validity of Schultzs poor but efficient hypothesis. Chennareddy (1967) utilizes the linear regression analysis on a data of one hundred and four rice and tobacco farmers in South India using a Cobb-Douglas production function. His findings were in accord with Schultz hypothesis. He recommends that South Indian farmers should adopt modern technology and extension education in order to move to a higher frontier. Lipton (1986)  [1]  disagrees with this recommendation. He argues that if Schultzs findings are correct then the rural farmers do not need any expert advice to improve their productivity in other words moving to a higher frontier should not be a problem for them. He further queries Schultzs assertion believing that it only works under a neo-classical theory of perfect competition; he affirms that if Schultz uses linear programming to analyse his data his findings would show that the rural farmer is inefficient. Welsch (1965) in his study on Abakaliki rice in Eastern Nigeria makes use of the linear regression to affirm that peasant farmers respond to economic inducement by allocating efficiently among several resources at their disposal. Hence, he supports Schultzs hypothesis. One thing we want the reader to note in the above groups of literature is; the writers who concur with Schultzs assertion use parametric techniques to arrive at their conclusion while Lipton (1968) employs a non-parametric linear programming technique that assumes at least one factor is not fully employed. Just as the argument is about to cease, Sauer and Mendoza-Escalante (2007) involve themselves in it. Their work serves to reconcile these diametrically opposing schools of thought. It puts to use a parametric normalized generalized Leontief (GL) profit function technique to analyse joint production of Cassava flour and maize by small-scale farmers in Brazil. The small-scale farmers are allocatively efficient, they assert, but they show considerable inefficiency in the scale of operation. At this juncture, we remind the reader that our digression is intentional. Our aim is to show how Schultzs assertion has brought an upsurge in the number of efficiency studies in agriculture with special focus on the developing economies of the world. We like to say that the work not only instigates research in development/resource economics but it also prompts research in anthropology and sociology (see Adams, 1986 and the review by Michelena, 1965 pp. 540-541). Proper measure of productivity starts with Aigner and Chu (1968), Afriat (1972) and Richmond (1974) where they propose a deterministic method of frontier measurement. Though their studies are obsolete they however underscore the popularity of the Cobb-Douglas functional form in the early literature to show the relationship between input and output. Aigner, Lovell and Schmidt (1977), Meeusen and van den Broeck (1977), and, Battese and Corra (1977)  [2]  introduce the modern stochastic frontier analysis as we know it today simultaneously. Their model apart from incorporating the efficiency term into the deterministic model it also includes the effect of random shock, hence, the name stochastic. Lau and Yotopoulos (1971) also introduce a dual profit function model to measure efficiency but their method is not as popular in production analysis because it only yields efficiency measures for a group of farms while the frontier method gives efficiency values for individual farms in the industry (Fà ¸rsund et al 1980). The reader should note that the linear regressions of Chennareddy (1967) and Welsch (1965) give the shape of the technology of an average farm in the industry while the stochastic frontier model gives the shape of the technology of the most productive farm in the industry against which the efficiency of every other farm is measured (Coelli 1995). In other words, Chennareddy (1967) and Welsch (1965) use an average response model for their analysis. The specification of a functional form and/or distributional assumption confers on a technique the nomenclature parametric while the non-specification of a functional/distributional form confers on a technique the non-parametric nomenclature. The non-parametric nomenclature means, in the words of Koop (2003), you are letting the data speak. This he says is very difficult to achieve as even in the non-parametric system, just like in the parametric, one need to impose certain structure on a particular problem in order to achieve ones objectives. The use of the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) (another technique is the Free Disposal Hull, FDH) overshadows every other technique in the non-parametric class. Charnes, Cooper and Rhodes (1978) introduce this technique and gave it the name as we know it today. The data envelopment analysis technique uses the linear programming method to generate a piece-wise envelop over the data points. The technique is widely used in technical efficiency studies but it has the shortcoming of not incorporating randomness in measuring efficiency. Also, the envelop curve is not everywhere differentiable. Our focus in this research is the parametric technique. The parametric technique has progressed so much in the literature that there are now two different econometric schools of thought for estimating efficiency. The first school of thought are the Frequentists who dominate this field since its inception and the second school of thought are the Bayesians into which our research belongs. The Frequentist Studies The first set of Frequentist study is deterministic in nature and use the technological structure of the mathematical programming approach (see Aigner and Chu, 1968; Timmer, 1971; and, Fà ¸rsund and Hjalmarsson, 1979 for exposition on mathematical/goal programming). Richmond (1974) introduces the Modified Ordinary Least Square (MOLS) approach to analyse the efficiency of Norwegian manufacturing industries specifying a Cobb-Douglas production function. Richmond (1974) is a modification of the Corrected Ordinary Least Squares (COLS) approach. Winsten (1957) introduces this model by assuming a distribution (such as half normal or exponential) for the disturbance term. The Corrected Ordinary Least Square technique involves a two step process. The first step involves the use of the Ordinary Least Squares to obtain consistent and unbias estimates of the marginal effect parameters; on the contrary, the intercept parameters are consistent but bias. The second step involves the shifting of t he intercept upwards so the frontier envelops the data from above. Greene (1980) takes Richmond (1974) work a step further as he assumes a gamma distribution for the random error term using the maximum likelihood approach. He uses the data from Nerlove (1963) which is a sample of one hundred and fifty five firms producing electricity in the United States in 1955. Apart from replicating the results of Aigner and Chu (1963), Greene (1980) tries to explain the statistical relevance of his model. The reader should note that Greene (1980)s model is deterministic. One of the early applications of the deterministic frontier were Shapiro and Mà ¼ller (1977), Shapiro (1983), Belbase and Grabowski (1985). Shapiro and Mà ¼ller (1977) attempt to estimate the technical efficiency of forty farms in Geita district of Tanzania. They follow Timmer (1971) method of analysing technical efficiency by applying the linear programming to a Cobb Douglas production frontier. Their result which is similar to that of Chennareddy (1967) shows that the traditional farmer can improve his technical efficiency by adopting modern farming practices through easy access to information. This, they say, will be at the expense of non-economic costs like the farmer being branded unsociable by his community. Shapiro (1983) working in the same district as Shapiro and Mà ¼ller (1977) tries to confirm the poor but efficiency hypothesis but discovers the hypothesis may not be applicable in terms of peasant agriculture in Tanzania because their output could still be increased if all farmers had the same efficiency as the most efficient farmer in the sample. These assertions echo the conclusion of Lipton (1968). He uses the same model and method of analyses as Shapiro and Mà ¼ller (1977). Belbase and Grabowski (1985) introduce a technique that is different from the other two stated above. They apply the Corrected Ordinary Least Square (COLS) approach of Winsten (1957) on cross-sectional sample of farms in Nuwakot district of Nepal. They record an average technical efficiency value of 80% for joint production of rice, maize, millet and wheat. The average technical efficiency value for individual frontier calculation for rice and maize is given as 84% and 67% in that order. They find correlation between technical efficiency and other variables which are nutritional level, income and education. Technical efficiency is however not correlated with farming experience. Some studies investigate the impact of certain agricultural policies on productivity. A priori one expects these policies to actually increase productivity but this is not always the case. One of such study; Taylor, Drummond and Gomes (1986) use a deterministic production function and discover the World Bank sponsored credit programme PRODEMATA did not impact positively on the technical efficiency of farmers in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Their result shows that there is no difference between the technical efficiency of farmers who participate in the programme and those that did not participate. This paper is one of the few that compare both the results of the Corrected Ordinary Least Square and the maximum likelihood approaches. Unexpectedly, the participant farmers in the PRODEMATA programmes have slightly lesser allocative efficiency than non-participant farmers. The researchers also favour Schultzs hypothesis. We want the reader to note that the deterministic frontier is still popular in the literature for example, Alvarez and Arias (2004) use Lau and Yotopoulos (1971) dual profit function model to measure the effect of technical efficiency on farm size using data from one hundred and ninety-six dairy farms in Northern Spain. They introduce technical efficiency as a parameter to estimate in a simple production function. They observe a positive relationship between technical efficiency and farm size after they control for output prices, input prices and quasi-fixed inputs. Also Amara et al (1999) use the deterministic frontier to discover the relationship between technical efficiency and the adoption of conservation technologies by potato farmers in Quebec. They found that farming experience and the adoption of conservation technologies have positive influence on technical efficiency. Croppenstedt and Demeke (1997) use a fixed-random coefficients regression to analyse data for small-scale farmers growing cereal in Ethiopia. They observe that land size is a major constraint to crop production and large farms are relatively less productive than small farms other things being equal. They note that most of the farms are inefficient. They also observe inefficiency in the use of inputs especially labour and fertiliser. Share cropping is positively correlated to technical efficiency. Karagiannis et al (2002) propose an alternative for separating technical change form time varying technical inefficiency. Their proposition uses the general formulation index to model technical change (Karagiannis et al 2002 cites Baltagi and Griffin 1988). They also model technical change as quadratic function of time. Their proposition does not assume any distributional assumption for the one sided stochastic error term. They then apply their proposition to the United Kingdom dairy sector from 1982 to 1992 using a translog production frontier. They obtain a mean technical efficiency value of about seventy-eight per cent for the dairy industry with this period. One major disadvantage of the deterministic frontier model is that it over-values our inefficiency estimates. For example, Taylor and Shonkwiler (1986) discover the deterministic frontier gives over seventy per cent inefficiency while the stochastic frontier gives twenty per cent value for inefficiency. At present, a lot of papers utilize the stochastic frontier model in their analysis. Coelli et al (2003) makes use of the stochastic frontier to calculate the total factor productivity for a panel data of crop agriculture in Bangladesh. The data contains thirty-one observations collected between 1960/61 and 1991/92 from 16 regions and the result reveals technical change is convex in nature with increase starting about the time of the introduction of the green revolution varieties in the 1970s. Technical efficiency reduces at an annual rate of 0.47 per cent during the period they investigate. This has an effect on the total factor productivity which declines at the rate of 0.23 per cent per annum with the rate of reduction increasing in later years. This, they say, raises questions of food security and increase in agricultural productivity in Bangladesh. They point out the non-use of price data in their analysis which makes their work different from other authors (Coelli et al; 2003 c ites Pray and Ahmed, 1991, and, Dey and Evenson, 1991). Wadud and White (2000) compare the stochastic frontier approach with the data envelopment analysis and discover both methods indicate efficiency is significantly affected by irrigation and environmental degradation. There are a few papers that attempt to analyse technical, allocative and economic efficiencies at once in a single research. Bravo-Ureta and Pinheiro (1997) carry out a frontier analysis using the self-dual Cobb-Douglas production function to analyse farm data from Dominican Republic. They justify the use of the Cobb Douglas production function because the method they adopt requires both the use of the production and cost frontiers. Their research is important because they use the maximum likelihood technique to emphasize the essence of not only estimating the technical efficiency but also, the allocative and economic efficiency. Another paper that follows in this light is that of Bravo-Ureta (1994) who attempts to measure the technical, allocative and economic efficiencies of cotton and cassava farmers in eastern Paraguay. He estimates economic efficiency for cotton and cassava farmers to be around forty per cent and fifty-two per cent respectively. There could be spatial differences in the technical efficiencies of different farms based on ecological differences, farm size and interactions between these two variables. Tadesse and Krishnamoorthy (1997) set out to investigate this in their research on paddy rice farmers in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. They remark that the farmers still have opportunity of increasing their efficiency by seventeen per cent. They observe significant variation in the variation of mean technical efficiency in the four zones that make up Tamil Nadu. They use a two stage approach where the first task is to obtain farm-specific technical efficiency and then use a Tobit model to compare the differences in the technical efficiencies of each region and zone. Wang and Schmidt (2002) note a bias in the results obtained by this process and they went ahead to use the Markov chain Monte Carlo technique to prove that there is serious bias at every stage of the procedure. Chen et al (2009) also examine the technical efficiency of farms in four regions of China. The four regions are North, North-East, East and South-West. They observe that different inputs need to be put to efficient use in the different regions. For example, inefficient use of industrial input is the main problem in the East while in the North it is capital. They assert that farms in the North and North-East are relatively more efficient than farms in the East and South-West. They recommend a change in the land tenure system to eliminate land fragmentation in China. Other researchers have used the stochastic production frontiers to investigate the impact of government programmes on farmers efficiency. For example, Seyoum et al (1998) use the Battese and Coelli (1995) stochastic production function to compare between farmers that participate in Sasakawa-Global 2000 project and those who do not in Ethiopia. They collect twenty samples from two different districts (Keresa and Kombolcha) of eastern Ethiopia and show the difference in the levels of production in these two districts by use of a dummy for one district. The data is panel in nature which justifies their use of the Battese and Coelli (1995) model. Battese and Coelli (1995)  [3]  is a panel data extension of the Kumbhakar et al (1991) research work. Seyoum et al (1998) recommend that policy makers should expand the Sasakawa-Global 2000 project as farmers who participated have better output, productivity and efficiency than farmers that did not. Still on the impact of government programmes on efficiency, Abdulai and Huffman (2000) look at the impact of the Structural Adjustment Programme on the efficiency of rice farmers in Northern Ghana using a stochastic profit function. Their results show rice producers in the region are highly responsive to market prices for rice and inputs. They support the introduction of the structural adjustment programme because it makes the farmers more market oriented. Also, Ajibefun and Abdulkadri (1999) find the Cobb-Douglas production function as being adequate to represent the efficiency of Nigerias National Directorate of Employment Farmers Scheme. They reject the half-normal distribution assumption for the inefficiency term. Ajibefun (2002) simulates the impact of policy variables on the technical efficiency of small-scale farmers in Nigeria. He discovers that increase in education level and the farming experience would significantly improve the small-scale farmers technical efficiency. Ama za and Olayemi (2002) investigate the technical efficiency of food crop farmers in Gombe State, Nigeria and arrive at similar mean technical efficiency as Ajibefun and Abdulkadri (1999). However, the difference between the minimum and maximum technical efficiency score for Amaza and Olayemi (2002) is seventy-six per cent while for Ajibefun and Abdulkadri (1999) is about sixty-six per cent. Jara-Rojas et al (2012) look at the impact of the adoption of soil and water conservation practices on productivity and they discover a positive relation between soil and water conservation and technical efficiency. They discover that an enhancement of the technical efficiency also improves the net returns on investment. The use of the stochastic frontier model to estimate the effect of health on farmers efficiency is also very important in the literature. Croppenstedt and Mà ¼ller (2000) take up this challenge when they research into the role of the Ethiopian farmers health and nutritional status on their productivity and efficiency. They find that distance to the source of water as well as nutrition and morbidity affect agricultural productivity. Surprisingly, elasticities of labour productivity regarding their nutritional status are strong. They further affirm that this strong correlation continues with technology estimates and wage equations. However, they record considerable loss in production due to technical inefficiency even after accounting for health and nutrition of workers. Ajani and Ugwu (2008) look at the impact of adverse health on the productivity of farmers living in the Kainji basin of North-Central Nigeria. Their study shows the health variable as being positive, large and statistically significant. They therefore conclude that health capital is an essential input in agriculture. A paper that successfully combined the non-parametric technique of data envelopment analysis and an econometric model is Audibert et al (2003). They use a combination of the data envelopment analysis and the Tobit model to infer on the social and health determinants of the efficiency of cotton farmers in Northern Cà ´te dIvoire. They use the high density of the malaria parasite in the blood of an individual as a proxy for the health of the household. They use a two step process; firstly, they use the data envelopment analysis to arrive at relative technical efficiency values and then they regress this efficiency scores against factors they think will affect efficiency. The high density of malaria parasite in the blood variable enters the model at the second stage. Their results show that malaria greatly reduces farmers technical efficiency. They further conclude that it is intensity of infection by the disease that is important rather than its presence. Our research collects data on the prevalence of the disease in an area rather than just hospital reported cases; this we believe will give further credence to our results. Ajani and Ashagidigbi (2008) use numbers of days of incapacitation as a proxy for malaria incidence in Oyo State, Nigeria. Surprisingly, they ran a normal linear regression to investigate the effects of malaria on agricultural productivity. Their analysis shows that age and days of incapacitation are insignificant statistically. Olarinde et al (2008) explore the factors that affect bee keepers technical efficiency in Oyo state, Nigeria. They observe that the bee keepers are efficient by about eighty-five per cent there is still room for to increase their efficiency by fifteen per cent. They point out that some of the farmers do not take bee-keeping as their main occupation. This, they say, is a major determinant of efficiency. Marital status is also another variable that affects technical efficiency, they note. They observe that a farmer who is single is likely to be more efficient than a married farmer. Mochebelele and Winter-Nelson (2000) examine the effect of migratory labour (to mine fields in South Africa) on farm technical efficiency. They try to establish if migrant labour actually complement farm production or not. They establish that households with migrant farmers have higher production and are more efficient than households without migrant farmers. In the use of the panel data for efficiency estimation, some researchers try to see if differences exist in efficiency values between the fixed effect model and the stochastic frontiers. Ahmad and Bravo-Ureta (1996) use panel data of ninety-six Vermont dairy farms between the periods 1971 to 1984. They carry out statistical tests to investigate the better model between the fixed effect model and the stochastic frontier model. The fixed effect model gave better results than the stochastic frontier model. Hence, they conclude that the fixed effect model needs to be considered in panel data analysis. Reinhard et al (1999) estimate the technical and environmental efficiency of a panel of dairy farms. They assume the production of two outputs dairy and excessive use of Nitrogen. They analyse their efficiencies separately. Their objective involves investigating whether farmers can both be technically and environmentally efficient. They also examine the compatibility of these two types of efficiencies. They obtain a mean output-technical efficiency of 0.894 while the input-oriented environment efficiency is 0.441. They remark that intensive dairy farming is both technically and environmentally more efficient than extensive dairy farming. Reinhard et al (2000) examine comprehensive environmental efficiency in Dutch dairy farms. This paper is a continuation of Reinhard et al (1999) paper. In this paper, apart from surplus Nitrogen which they use in their earlier work, they also investigate excess use of phosphate and total energy use of these farms. They compare efficiency scores in the stochastic frontier analysis with the data envelopment analysis. The mean technical efficiency values for the two methods of analysis are different. The stochastic frontier has an output technical efficiency value of eighty-nine per cent while the data envelopment analysis has an efficiency value of seven-eight per cent. There is significant difference between their environmental efficiencies also. The stochastic frontier analysis records a value of eighty per cent while the data envelopment analysis records a value of fifty-two per cent. It is evident from the result of the two efficiencies that the stochastic frontier method over-valu es efficiency scores. Before we close this section we refer the reader to a work by Strauss (1986). The work is important because it attempts to investigate the effect of nutrition on farm labour productivity in Sierra Leone. He uses an average response model to capture this effect. He estimates a Cobb-Douglas production function which accounts for simultaneity in input and calorie choice. His exercise shows calorie intake has significant impact on labour productivity. He, however, places a caveat on this result because individual-level nutrient and anthropometric data are not included in the analysis. His result supports the nutrition productivity hypothesis to a great extent. In the last few pages we attempt to explain to the reader the preponderance of the Frequentist method of analysing the stochastic frontier especially in agriculture. We emphasize the diverse uses of the parametric method of efficiency measurement in agriculture. We believe that other literature in agriculture will fall into one of the categories we peruse above. Next, we take a look at the Bayesian econometrist view. The reader should note how few the literature is compared to the Frequentist method. Also, for a thorough perusal of the literature from the Frequentist perspective we refer the reader to Bravo-Ureta et al (2007) Delete. The Bayesian Studies The works of van den Broeck, Koop, Osiewalski and Steel (1994); Koop, Osielwalski and Steel (1994, 1997); Koop, Steel and Osielwalski (1992), and, Fernà ¡ndez, Osiewalski and Steel (1997) herald the Bayesian technique for estimating the compose-error model. van den Broeck, Koop, Osiewalski and Steel (1994) is a primer for estimating a Bayesian cross-sectional composed-error data. They resolve the problem of choosing the best functional form experienced in classical econometrics by mixing over a number of distributions. They use the Bayesian model averaging to average over the results of the Jondrow et al. (1982) and Greene (1990). In other words van den Broeck, Koop, Osiewalski and Steel (1994) solve the problem of choosing the better distribution between the two. They also carry out predictive inference on their results using the Monte Carlo technique of importance sampling. In continuation of van den Broeck, Koop, Osiewalski and Steel (1994) work; Koop, Osielwalski and Steel (1994) show how to use the Gibbs sampling Monte Carlo method to arrive at estimates for the stochastic cost frontier model. They fit an asymptotically ideal price aggregator, non-constant returns to scale composed error cost frontier. They use Barnett, Geweke, and Wolfe (1991) method for generating the asymptotically ideal price aggregator (Koop, Osielwalski and Steel, 1994 cite Barnett, Geweke, and Wolfe 1999). They caution that care should be taken in the choice of functional form for frontier analysis. We believe the use of the Bayesian model Averaging technique should circumvent this problem. Also, they discover that imposing regularity condition on the price aggregator is found to reduce the spread of the Mà ¼ntz- Szatz expansion. Koop, Steel and Osielwalski (1995) essentially show how to draw the different parameters in the composed-error model using the Gibbs sampler. They provide an algorithm to draw the different parameters of choice in the composed-error model. They show the ease with which this can be done using the Gibbs sampler. They also note the use of 0.875 as an informative prior for the inefficiency value. van den Broeck, Koop, Osielwalski and Steel (1994) propose this value. Fernà ¡ndez, Osiewalski and Steel (1997) introduce the Bayesian method for estimating panel data using a class of non- or partly-informative prior. They assert that using this type of priors for a cross-sectional data will make its posterior inference unreliable and inaccurate. This is because the total number of parameters in the entire model is larger than the sample size. They circumvent this problem in the panel data where the researcher can impose a structure on the inefficiency terms. Koop, Osielwalski and Steel (1997) take Fernà ¡ndez et al (1997)